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IZMIR
has a rich history for those of Christian faith. It is the site of ancient
"Smyrna",
one of the seven Churches addressed by
Jesus in the book of Revelation. From Izmir , you can easily
travel to each of the other Churches.
The
Seven Churches of Revelation
The continuous excavations on the Bayraklı ridges by
Prof. Dr. Ekrem Akurgal
since 1959, the discovery of the Zeus Altar by the German archaeologist
Carl Humman in Pergamon (Bergama) between 1866 and 1878, the discovery of the Seljuk Artemis
Temple in 1869 by the British wood and the continuous excavations by Austrian
archeologists at certain intervals of the city of ancient Ephesus since 1904.
Also many researchers in different universities are still investigating on
the city�s historical development.
Turkey is one of
the countries in which the world railroad transportation was first practiced. The first
railroad routes in turkey are the ones between Izmir- Aydın and Izmir- Turgutlu, which
began working between 1856 and 1863 during the period of the Ottoman Empire after the
First World War. In the years of the struggle of liberation İzmir underwent a great
wreckage with great destructions and fires. With the driving away of the Greeks by the
leadership of the great leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk on September 9th 1922, Izmir started
to become a modern city of the young Turkish Republic and developed this character more
everyday.
Many legends are known about the derivation of the name of
Izmir. According to the knowledge acquired from scientific studies the word "IZMIR" came
from Smyrna in the ancient Ionian dialect and it was written as Smyrna in the Attikan (around Athens)
dialect. The word Smyrna was not Greek. It came from Anatolian rootb like many other names
in the Agean Region from the texts belonging to 2000 B.C. in the Kultepe
settlement in Kayseri, a place called Tismyrna was come across in the (Ti) at the
beginning was omitted and the city was pronounced as Smyrna. So the city was called Smyrna
the early years of 3000 B.C. or late 1800 B.C In the Turkish era the city was called
Izmir.
Smyrna was erected on a much older
city. It was captured and destroyed by Alyattes, king
of Lydia, in 600 and later was
reconstructed and restored. Following the defeat of the Lydians by the
Persians, the
latter seized it before it was eventually taken by Alexander the Great in 334
BC.
...
The 5,000 year-old city of Izmir
is one of the oldest cities of the Mediterranean basin. The original
city was established in the third millennium BC (at present day
Bayraklı), at which time it shared with Troy the most advanced culture
in Anatolia.
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Greek settlement is attested by the presence of
pottery dating from about 1000 BC. In the first millennium BC Izmir,
then known as Smyrna, ranked as one of the most important cities of the Ionian Federation. During this period, it is believed that the epic poet Homer resided here.
Lydian
conquest of the city around 600 BC brought this golden age to an end.
Smyrna was little more than a village throughout the Lydian and
subsequent sixth century BC Persian rule. In the fourth century BC a
new city was built on the slopes of Mt. Pagos (Kadifekale) during the
reign of Alexander the Great. Smyrna's Roman period, beginning in the first century BC, was its second great era.
In the first century AD, Smyrna became one of the earliest centers of Christianity and it was one of the Seven Churches of Revelation. Both Revelation and the Martyrdom of Polycarp indicate the existence of a Jewish
community in Smyrna as early as the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. The
letter to the church at Smyrna in Revelation indicates that the
Christians were spiritually "rich" and apparently in conflict with the
Jews: "I know the slander on the part of those who say that they are
Jews and are not, but are a synagogue of Satan." (2:9)
The origins of the Christian community there, which was established in the 1st century, are unknown. Ignatius of Antioch stopped at Smyrna on his way to martyrdom in Rome in 107 AD, and he sent a letter back to the Christians there from later in his journey. Smyrna's bishop, Polycarp, was burned at the stake in Smyrna's stadium around 156 AD.
Byzantine rule came in the fourth century and lasted until the Seljuk conquest in 11th century. In 1415, under Sultan Mehmed Çelebi, Smyrna became part of the Ottoman Empire.
The city earned its fame as one of the most important port cities
of the world during the 17th to 19th centuries. The majority of its
population were Greek but merchants of various origins (especially
Greek, French, Italian, Dutch, Armenian, Sephardi and Jewish)
transformed the city int...
Izmir’s history goes back to 3000 B.C. according to the results of historical
knowledge and archaeological excavations. Findings and many investigations
have been made to enlighten Izmir’s history: The continuous excavations
on the Bayrakli ridges by Prof. Dr. Ekrem Akurgal since 1959, the discovery
of the Zeus Altar by the German archaeologist
Carl Humman in Pergamon (Bergama) between 1866
and 1878, the discovery of the Artemis Temple
in 1869 by the British Wood and the continuous excavations by Austrian
archaeologists at certain intervals of the city of ancient Ephesus
since 1904. Also many researchers in different universities are still investigating
on the city’s historical development.
Many legends are known about the derivation of the name of Izmir. According
to the knowledge acquired from scientific studies the word "IZMIR" came
from Smyrna in the ancient Ionian dialect and it
was written as Smyrna in the Attican (around Athens) dialect. The word
Smyrna was not Greek, it came from Anatolian
root like many other names in the Aegean Region
from the texts belonging to 2000 B.C. in the Kültepe settlement in
Kayseri,
a place called Tismyrna was come across and the (Ti) at the beginning was
omitted and the city was pronounced as Smyrna. So the city was called Smyrna
the early years of 3000 B.C. or late 1800 B.C. In the Turkish era the city
was called Izmir.
In the years of 3000 B.C. Western Anatolia
was under a rich Trojan civilization influence.
The settlement areas built on the Aegean coast
also developed generally under the Trojan influence.
The Hittites which Homer
wrote about in the Iliad, were an active force and civilization in the
Anatolian
mountain pastures because the Trojans were allies
of the Hittites and they had a big influence on
the Aegean settlements. As a matter of fact
Pitane (Çandarli) in the Bakirçay River basin and similar
settlements were built by the Hittites. It is believed
that the Amazons lived in the area between Caria
and the Lydia which today is the sides of the Yamanlar
Mountains, and they carried on their existence until the arrival of the
Aiolos and the Ions.
The Aiolos and the Ions who Fled from the Doric
invasion around 1000 B.C., came from Greece and settled in Izmir and its
surroundings. The important Aeol and Ionian settlements
are as follows: Bergama (Pergamon), Manisa
(Magnesia), Izmir (Smyrna), Urla (Klazomenai, near Cesme), Kemalpasa (Nimphaion), Cesme-Ildiri
(Erythrai), Sigacik (Teos),
Phokaia, Selcuk (Ephesus).
Until the 7th century B.C. Izmir got richer because of its trade with
its neighbors especially Lydia. Its good neighbor
relationships with Lydia lasted until the Lydians
were conquered by the Persians. The Persian sovereignty ended with Alexander
the Great's arrival to Anatolia in 334 B.C.
In these years, in which the Hellenistic period began, a new settlement
was formed arou...
There has been a settlement in Izmir, formally Smyrna, since 3000 BC.
The Trojans were the 1st inhabitants and according to excavations, the
city was founded in an area known today as Tepekule in the Bayrakli
district, which lies to the east of the Gulf of Izmir. Izmir is also
credited with being the birthplace of the legendary poet Homer, who is
believed to have lived there in the 8th century BC.
The city went through a few invasions,
destructions and reconstructions until Alexandra the Great began the
construction of a castle on the top of Mt. Pagos (Kadifekale) somewhere
around 330 BC.
After Alexandra, around 290 BC, the
Pergamons took over the city, which by then had expanded outside the
castle walls and centered itself in the harbor region, before they
handed over to the Romans around the 1st century BC.
Despite burning the odd Bishop (Bishop
Polycarpe 166 AD) suffering a major earthquake (178 AD) and putting off
a siege by Attila the Hun (440 AD) The Romans managed to hold onto the
city which was reputed to be "The most beautiful city in Asia" and also
became the Capital city for the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine) until
the Selcuks arrived in 1076 AD.
By this time Izmir had become quite
cosmopolitan and was a commercially important port, as a result,
everybody it seemed wanted a slice of the action and Izmir went through
a turbulent period. In1098 the Byzantines came back, 1320 the Selcuks
returned, in 1334 the Crusaders took their turn, 1402 brought the Turks
(who are credited with naming the city Izmir) then in 1426 came the
Ottomans who carried on all the way until after the 2nd world war 1919
when the Greeks tried their hand. This did not last for long though
because on September the 9th 1922 during the Turkish National war of
Independence Mustafa Kemal Ataturk took the city back and Izmir became
one of the cornerstones of the current Turkish Republic.
...
A.A.
6,000 year old history is coming to day light thanks to excavations in western city of Izmir's Urla town both
on land and under water.
The excavations take place every summer at Iskele district of
Urla. Excavations are conducted under the leadership of Dr. Hayat
Erkanal, Chairman of the Archeology Department at Ankara University
Language History Geography Faculty.
In
an exclusive interview with the A.A, Dr. Erkanal indicated that
excavations in Urla began in 1992. “As of the year 2000, we
are conducting excavations both on land and in water,” said Dr.
Erkanal. According to Erkanal, his team began working with
academicians from Haifa University in 2000. “Underwater excavation took
place with the help of academicians from the Haifa University,”
remarked Dr. Erkanal.
Underwater excavations, which have been
going on in Urla for the past six years, will for the first time be
watched by residents of Urla on a giant tv screen. “This way, we plan
to attract more attention to our excavations,” stressed
Erkanal.Artifacts dating 6,000 years back have been found on site at
Urla. Some of the found items belong to the Ionian civilization.
...
Regions of Turkey,
Black Sea, Central Anatolia,
Eastern Anatolia,
Southeast Anatolia
The 1st Geography Congress held in Ankara between 6-21 June 1941 divided Turkey into seven regions after long discussions and work. These geographical regions were separated according to their climate, location, flora and fauna, human habitat, agricultural diversities, transportation, topography and so on. At the end, 4 side regions and 3 inner regions were named according to their neighborhood to the four seas surrounding Turkey and positions in Anatolia. Most of the cities' borders are within the territory of a single region, but sometimes can be within two, even three regions (such as Sivas, Afyon, Kahramanmaras).
Approximate Real land occupied by the regions within the total of Turkeys' whole territory, based on (approximately) Real 814.000 km2 considering the topographical formations instead of Projected 780.500 km2 (301,353 square miles):
Eastern Anatolian...... 171.000 km2 (66,023 sq mi)
Central Anatolia......... 162.000 km2 (62,548 sq mi)
Blacksea................... 146.178 km2 (56,439 sq mi)
Mediterranean............ 122.100 km2 (47,143 sq mi)
Aegean....................... 85.000 km2 (32,818 sq mi)
Marmara...................... 67.300 km2 (25,984 sq mi)
Southeastern Anatolia... 61.000 km2 (23,552 sq mi)
Note: In today's maps, Real Area is computed after the calculations of the topography (elevations for example) of a country or region. Meanwhile Projected Area of a country or region is calculated on a birds' eye view without considering elevations. Projected Area and Real Area point to the same value for lakes and seas, but on the mountainous regions or countries the Real Area value will be greater than Projected Area value. So, greater value difference between these two mapping techniques means that country or region has many elevations (mountains).
To learn more about the provinces and historic sites of each region, please click the appropriate links or on the map above.
...
George Seferis
The Greek poet and statesman George Seferis (1900-1971) combined a diplomatic career with the creation of a body of poetic works unique for their synthesis of modern man's anguished estrangement and the redemptive promise of an ancient artistic heritage.
The son of a law professor who was a poet in his own right, George Seferis or Georgios Seferiadis, spent the first 14 years of his life at his birthplace, Smyrna (Izmir), Turkey. The Seferiadis family fled Asia Minor with the outbreak of World War I, taking up residence first in Athens, where George completed secondary school, then in 1918 moving to Paris, where his father pursued a law practice. Richly endowed from childhood with the poetic experience of a living, oral literature and encouraged by the example of his father, Seferis found himself very early divided between the exigencies of a practical and a literary career. While studying law in Paris, he began writing poetry, and his first titled composition (1924, published later), "Fog," dates from a stay in London, where Seferis had gone to perfect his English prior to taking the Greek Foreign Service examination. Seferis returned to Athens and to the Foreign Ministry in 1925, continuing to write verse and to produce translations and literary criticism until, in 1931, his first collection of poems, Strophe (Turning Point), appeared.
Diplomacy summoned Seferis to London, where he served as vice-consul until 1934, all the while continuing to publish works (notably "The Cistern," 1932) in magazines and reviews. His next major collection - Mythistorema (Mythical Story, 1935) - represented an evolution away from the rigidly "pure," stylistically self-conscious early works toward the sober, almost denuded manner that marked the best of his mature poetry, keeping it attuned to real patterns of speech.
Modern desolation for Seferis expressed itself amid particular ruins - the broken statues and columns of an immensely rich Greek heritage. The enduring materiality of these past creations weighed heavily on Seferis, living on for the poet as proof of human continuity, of a glorious but evolving Hellenism.
In Kichle ("The Thrush," written during World War II), Seferis faced the ravaged modern world defiantly: "the fragments/ Are not the statues./ You are yourself the remains." But new ruins were being made of Greece. The poet-diplomat continued his dual service, fleeing with the Free Greek government during the Nazi occupation. His published works swelled by five volumes during the war: Himerologion katastromatos (Log Book) I, II, and III; Tet-radio gymnasmaton (Exercise Book); and Poïïmata (Poems). Married in 1941, Seferis had journeyed with his wife Maria in official exile from Ankara to South Africa, to Cairo, and to Italy; he wrote all the while - including a group of Dokimes (Essays) in 1944 - becoming more and more a recognized poet of his un...
Klazomenai
Klazomenai
Map of Asia Minor showing the location of Klazomenai
Clazomenae (Greek: Κλαζομεναί/Klazomenai, modern-day Kilizman near İzmir in Turkey) was an ancient Greek city of Ionia and a member of the Ionian Dodecapolis (Confederation of Twelve Cities), it was one of the first cities to issue silver coinage.
Location
Located on the western coast of Asia Minor, on the Gulf of Smyrna, about 20 miles west of that city. The city was originally located on the mainland, but probably during the early fifth-century Ionian Revolt from the Persians it was moved to an island just off the coast, which Alexander the Great eventually connected to the mainland with a causeway.
Mythology
The principal god of the city was Apollo. According to myth, swans drew the chariot in which Apollo every year flew south from his winter home in the land of the Hyperboreans. But Klazomenai was also home to large numbers of swans, and it is thought that the verb klazo was used to describe the call of the wild birds. The swan on the obverse is both an attribute of Apollo and a pun on the name Klazomenai.
Ancient Times
Though not in existence before the arrival of the Ionians in Asia, its original founders were largely settlers from Phlius and Cleonae. It stood originally on the isthmus connecting the mainland with the peninsula on which Erythrae stood; but the inhabitants, alarmed by the encroachments of the Persians, removed to one of the small islands of the bay, and there established their city. This island was connected with the mainland by Alexander the Great by means of a pier, the remains of which are still visible.
During the 5th century it was for some time subject to the Athenians, but about the middle of the Peloponnesian War (412 BC) it revolted. After a brief resistance, however, it again acknowledged the Athenian supremacy, and repelled a Lacedaemonian attack. In 387 BC Klazomenai and other cities in Asia were taken over by Persia, but the city continued to issue its own coins.
Under the Romans Clazomenae was included in the province of Asia, and enjoyed an immunity from taxation. The site can still be made out, in the neighbourhood of Vourla, but nearly every portion of its ruins has been removed. It is famous for its painted terracotta sarcophagi, which are the finest monuments of Ionian painting in the 6th century BC. It is perhaps today most well-known as the birthplace of the philosopher Anaxagoras, often styled "Anaxagoras of Clazomenae".
Trivia
Klazomenai is also where oldest attested olive oil production installations were recently discovered. The traces indicate first exports of olive oil by way of sea as well. A local enterprise based in Urla town started producing olive oil following the same methods as in antiquity, which turned out to be quite a success in ...
